diff --git a/NAMESPACE b/NAMESPACE
index 280adeec..a73f7e89 100644
--- a/NAMESPACE
+++ b/NAMESPACE
@@ -1,13 +1,55 @@
 # Generated by roxygen2: do not edit by hand
 
+S3method(addsUtmParameters,connectClient)
+S3method(addsUtmParameters,connectCloudClient)
+S3method(addsUtmParameters,shinyAppsClient)
 S3method(as.data.frame,rsconnect_secret)
 S3method(format,rsconnect_secret)
 S3method(print,linterResults)
 S3method(print,rsconnect_secret)
+S3method(pythonEnabledByDefault,connectClient)
+S3method(pythonEnabledByDefault,connectCloudClient)
+S3method(pythonEnabledByDefault,shinyAppsClient)
+S3method(redactsUserEmails,connectClient)
+S3method(redactsUserEmails,connectCloudClient)
+S3method(redactsUserEmails,shinyAppsClient)
+S3method(requiresUpload,connectClient)
+S3method(requiresUpload,connectCloudClient)
+S3method(requiresUpload,shinyAppsClient)
+S3method(serverDisplayName,connectClient)
+S3method(serverDisplayName,connectCloudClient)
+S3method(serverDisplayName,shinyAppsClient)
+S3method(staticRmdNeedsShiny,connectClient)
+S3method(staticRmdNeedsShiny,connectCloudClient)
+S3method(staticRmdNeedsShiny,shinyAppsClient)
 S3method(str,rsconnect_secret)
+S3method(supportsEnvVarManagement,connectClient)
+S3method(supportsEnvVarManagement,connectCloudClient)
+S3method(supportsEnvVarManagement,shinyAppsClient)
+S3method(supportsEnvVars,connectClient)
+S3method(supportsEnvVars,connectCloudClient)
+S3method(supportsEnvVars,shinyAppsClient)
+S3method(supportsMetadataSync,connectClient)
+S3method(supportsMetadataSync,connectCloudClient)
+S3method(supportsMetadataSync,shinyAppsClient)
+S3method(supportsNodejs,connectClient)
+S3method(supportsNodejs,connectCloudClient)
+S3method(supportsNodejs,shinyAppsClient)
+S3method(supportsOptionalInviteEmail,connectClient)
+S3method(supportsOptionalInviteEmail,connectCloudClient)
+S3method(supportsOptionalInviteEmail,shinyAppsClient)
+S3method(supportsUserManagement,connectClient)
+S3method(supportsUserManagement,connectCloudClient)
+S3method(supportsUserManagement,shinyAppsClient)
+S3method(supportsVisibility,connectClient)
+S3method(supportsVisibility,connectCloudClient)
+S3method(supportsVisibility,shinyAppsClient)
 S3method(uploadBundle,connectClient)
 S3method(uploadBundle,connectCloudClient)
 S3method(uploadBundle,shinyAppsClient)
+S3method(usesPasswordFile,connectClient)
+S3method(usesPasswordFile,connectCloudClient)
+S3method(usesPasswordFile,shinyAppsClient)
 export(accountInfo)
 export(accountUsage)
 export(accounts)
diff --git a/R/appMetadata.R b/R/appMetadata.R
index 44e6e523..3257037f 100644
--- a/R/appMetadata.R
+++ b/R/appMetadata.R
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ appMetadata <- function(
   quarto = NA,
   appMode = NULL,
   contentCategory = NULL,
-  isShinyappsServer = FALSE,
+  staticRmdNeedsShiny = FALSE,
   metadata = list()
 ) {
   check_bool(quarto, allow_na = TRUE)
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ appMetadata <- function(
         appDir,
         appFiles,
         usesQuarto = quarto,
-        isShinyappsServer = isShinyappsServer
+        staticRmdNeedsShiny = staticRmdNeedsShiny
       )
       appMode <- appModeResult$appMode
       inferredPrimaryFile <- appModeResult$primaryFile
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ appMetadata <- function(
       appDir,
       appFiles,
       usesQuarto = quarto,
-      isShinyappsServer = isShinyappsServer
+      staticRmdNeedsShiny = staticRmdNeedsShiny
     )$primaryFile
   }
 
@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ inferAppMode <- function(
   appDir,
   appFiles,
   usesQuarto = NA,
-  isShinyappsServer = FALSE
+  staticRmdNeedsShiny = FALSE
 ) {
   rootFiles <- appFiles[dirname(appFiles) == "."]
   absoluteRootFiles <- file.path(appDir, rootFiles)
@@ -236,9 +236,9 @@ inferAppMode <- function(
         primaryFile = basename(primaryDocFile)
       ))
     } else {
-      # For shinyapps.io, treat "rmd-static" app mode as "rmd-shiny" so that
-      # it can be served from a shiny process in Connect
-      if (isShinyappsServer) {
+      # Some servers can only serve R Markdown from a Shiny process, so they
+      # get "rmd-shiny" in place of "rmd-static".
+      if (staticRmdNeedsShiny) {
         return(list(
           appMode = "rmd-shiny",
           primaryFile = basename(primaryDocFile)
diff --git a/R/applications.R b/R/applications.R
index 39dcbd28..c4adedee 100644
--- a/R/applications.R
+++ b/R/applications.R
@@ -403,15 +403,16 @@ syncAppMetadata <- function(appPath = ".") {
   for (i in seq_len(nrow(deploys))) {
     curDeploy <- deploys[i, ]
 
-    # don't sync if published to RPubs or Connect Cloud
+    # RPubs has no client, so check it before the client is created
     if (isRPubs(curDeploy$server)) {
       next
-    } else if (isPositConnectCloudServer(curDeploy$server)) {
-      next
     }
 
     account <- accountInfo(curDeploy$account, curDeploy$server)
     client <- clientForAccount(account)
+    if (!supportsMetadataSync(client)) {
+      next
+    }
 
     application <- tryCatch(
       client$getApplication(curDeploy$appId),
diff --git a/R/auth.R b/R/auth.R
index 8e42fd2c..2b64c857 100644
--- a/R/auth.R
+++ b/R/auth.R
@@ -118,6 +118,15 @@ cleanupPasswordFile <- function(appDir) {
   invisible(TRUE)
 }
 
+checkSupportsUserManagement <- function(client, call = caller_env()) {
+  if (!supportsUserManagement(client)) {
+    cli::cli_abort(
+      "rsconnect can't manage application users on {serverDisplayName(client)}.",
+      call = call
+    )
+  }
+}
+
 # Internal: resolve the target content for collaborator management functions.
 # On PCC, an explicit contentId targets the content directly; otherwise reads
 # the local deployment record to get the content id (appId) rather than matching
@@ -214,9 +223,8 @@ addAuthorizedUser <- function(
   emailMessage = NULL
 ) {
   accountDetails <- accountInfo(account, server)
-  if (!isPositConnectCloudServer(accountDetails$server)) {
-    checkShinyappsServer(accountDetails$server)
-  }
+  api <- clientForAccount(accountDetails)
+  checkSupportsUserManagement(api)
 
   application <- resolveContentTarget(
     accountDetails,
@@ -225,23 +233,18 @@ addAuthorizedUser <- function(
     contentId
   )
 
-  # check for and remove password file (shinyapps.io only; PCC has no password file)
-  if (!isPositConnectCloudServer(accountDetails$server)) {
+  if (usesPasswordFile(api)) {
     cleanupPasswordFile(appDir)
   }
 
-  # PCC always emails invitees; warn only when caller explicitly opts out
-  if (
-    isPositConnectCloudServer(accountDetails$server) &&
-      identical(sendEmail, FALSE)
-  ) {
+  # Warn only when the caller explicitly opts out of the email.
+  if (!supportsOptionalInviteEmail(api) && identical(sendEmail, FALSE)) {
     cli::cli_warn(
-      "{.arg sendEmail} is ignored on Posit Connect Cloud; PCC always sends an invitation email."
+      "{.arg sendEmail} is ignored on {serverDisplayName(api)}, which always sends an invitation email."
     )
   }
 
   # fetch authorization list
-  api <- clientForAccount(accountDetails)
   api$inviteApplicationUser(
     application$id,
     validateEmail(email),
@@ -290,9 +293,8 @@ removeAuthorizedUser <- function(
   server = NULL
 ) {
   accountDetails <- accountInfo(account, server)
-  if (!isPositConnectCloudServer(accountDetails$server)) {
-    checkShinyappsServer(accountDetails$server)
-  }
+  api <- clientForAccount(accountDetails)
+  checkSupportsUserManagement(api)
 
   application <- resolveContentTarget(
     accountDetails,
@@ -301,8 +303,7 @@ removeAuthorizedUser <- function(
     contentId
   )
 
-  # check and remove password file (shinyapps.io only; PCC has no password file)
-  if (!isPositConnectCloudServer(accountDetails$server)) {
+  if (usesPasswordFile(api)) {
     cleanupPasswordFile(appDir)
   }
 
@@ -310,7 +311,6 @@ removeAuthorizedUser <- function(
   # resolveContentTarget() a second time (a second interactive prompt could
   # return a different record, causing removeApplicationUser to act on the
   # wrong content).
-  api <- clientForAccount(accountDetails)
   users <- showUsers_impl(
     api,
     application$id,
@@ -325,15 +325,13 @@ removeAuthorizedUser <- function(
   } else if (user %in% users$email) {
     user <- users[which(users$email == user), ]
   } else {
-    # Only PCC redacts emails, and the hint only helps someone who searched by
-    # email (an id-based lookup already avoids the problem).
-    redactionHint <-
-      isPositConnectCloudServer(accountDetails$server) &&
-      grepl("@", user, fixed = TRUE)
+    # The hint only helps someone who searched by email. A lookup by id is not
+    # affected by redaction.
+    redactionHint <- redactsUserEmails(api) && grepl("@", user, fixed = TRUE)
     cli::cli_abort(c(
       "User {.val {user}} not found.",
       i = if (redactionHint) {
-        "On Posit Connect Cloud an email can be redacted and won't match; pass the user id from {.fn showUsers} instead."
+        "On {serverDisplayName(api)} an email can be redacted and won't match; pass the user id from {.fn showUsers} instead."
       }
     ))
   }
@@ -393,9 +391,8 @@ showUsers <- function(
   server = NULL
 ) {
   accountDetails <- accountInfo(account, server)
-  if (!isPositConnectCloudServer(accountDetails$server)) {
-    checkShinyappsServer(accountDetails$server)
-  }
+  api <- clientForAccount(accountDetails)
+  checkSupportsUserManagement(api)
 
   application <- resolveContentTarget(
     accountDetails,
@@ -404,7 +401,6 @@ showUsers <- function(
     contentId
   )
 
-  api <- clientForAccount(accountDetails)
   showUsers_impl(
     api,
     application$id,
@@ -449,9 +445,8 @@ showInvited <- function(
   server = NULL
 ) {
   accountDetails <- accountInfo(account, server)
-  if (!isPositConnectCloudServer(accountDetails$server)) {
-    checkShinyappsServer(accountDetails$server)
-  }
+  api <- clientForAccount(accountDetails)
+  checkSupportsUserManagement(api)
 
   application <- resolveContentTarget(
     accountDetails,
@@ -460,7 +455,6 @@ showInvited <- function(
     contentId
   )
 
-  api <- clientForAccount(accountDetails)
   showInvited_impl(api, application$id)
 }
 
@@ -505,9 +499,8 @@ resendInvitation <- function(
   server = NULL
 ) {
   accountDetails <- accountInfo(account, server)
-  if (!isPositConnectCloudServer(accountDetails$server)) {
-    checkShinyappsServer(accountDetails$server)
-  }
+  api <- clientForAccount(accountDetails)
+  checkSupportsUserManagement(api)
 
   # resolve content exactly once, then fetch invitations via impl (avoids a
   # second resolveContentTarget() call).
@@ -517,7 +510,6 @@ resendInvitation <- function(
     appName,
     contentId
   )
-  api <- clientForAccount(accountDetails)
   invited <- showInvited_impl(api, application$id)
 
   invite <- as.character(invite)
diff --git a/R/bundlePython.R b/R/bundlePython.R
index 9070402e..ac116562 100644
--- a/R/bundlePython.R
+++ b/R/bundlePython.R
@@ -24,10 +24,11 @@ pythonConfigurator <- function(python, forceGenerate = FALSE) {
   }
 }
 
-# python is enabled on Connect, but not on Shinyapps
-getPythonForTarget <- function(path, accountDetails) {
-  targetIsShinyapps <- isShinyappsServer(accountDetails$server)
-  pythonEnabled <- getOption("rsconnect.python.enabled", !targetIsShinyapps)
+getPythonForTarget <- function(path, client) {
+  pythonEnabled <- getOption(
+    "rsconnect.python.enabled",
+    pythonEnabledByDefault(client)
+  )
   if (pythonEnabled) {
     getPython(path)
   } else {
diff --git a/R/client-connect.R b/R/client-connect.R
index 736c71e3..ec17d566 100644
--- a/R/client-connect.R
+++ b/R/client-connect.R
@@ -1,11 +1,5 @@
 # Docs: https://docs.posit.co/connect/api/
 
-stripConnectTimestamps <- function(messages) {
-  # Strip timestamps, if found
-  timestamp_re <- "^\\d{4}/\\d{2}/\\d{2} \\d{2}:\\d{2}:\\d{2}\\.\\d{3,} "
-  gsub(timestamp_re, "", messages)
-}
-
 connectClient <- function(service, authInfo) {
   self <- list(
     # The connection identity. Methods read these to make requests.
@@ -172,6 +166,78 @@ uploadBundle.connectClient <- function(client, application, bundlePath) {
   )
 }
 
+#' @export
+serverDisplayName.connectClient <- function(client) {
+  "Posit Connect"
+}
+
+#' @export
+supportsEnvVars.connectClient <- function(client) {
+  TRUE
+}
+
+#' @export
+supportsEnvVarManagement.connectClient <- function(client) {
+  TRUE
+}
+
+# Connect needs a minimum version for Node.js content, which
+# `checkConnectSupportsNodejs()` checks.
+#' @export
+supportsNodejs.connectClient <- function(client) {
+  TRUE
+}
+
+#' @export
+supportsUserManagement.connectClient <- function(client) {
+  FALSE
+}
+
+#' @export
+usesPasswordFile.connectClient <- function(client) {
+  FALSE
+}
+
+#' @export
+supportsOptionalInviteEmail.connectClient <- function(client) {
+  FALSE
+}
+
+#' @export
+redactsUserEmails.connectClient <- function(client) {
+  FALSE
+}
+
+#' @export
+requiresUpload.connectClient <- function(client) {
+  TRUE
+}
+
+#' @export
+pythonEnabledByDefault.connectClient <- function(client) {
+  TRUE
+}
+
+#' @export
+supportsVisibility.connectClient <- function(client) {
+  FALSE
+}
+
+#' @export
+supportsMetadataSync.connectClient <- function(client) {
+  TRUE
+}
+
+#' @export
+staticRmdNeedsShiny.connectClient <- function(client) {
+  FALSE
+}
+
+#' @export
+addsUtmParameters.connectClient <- function(client) {
+  FALSE
+}
+
 getSnowflakeAuthToken <- function(url, snowflakeConnectionName) {
   parsedURL <- parseHttpUrl(url)
   ingressURL <- parsedURL$host
@@ -260,3 +326,9 @@ connectDashboardUrl <- function(serverUrl, contentGuid) {
   prefix <- sub("/__api__$", "", serverUrl)
   paste(prefix, "connect/#/apps", contentGuid, sep = "/")
 }
+
+stripConnectTimestamps <- function(messages) {
+  # Strip timestamps, if found
+  timestamp_re <- "^\\d{4}/\\d{2}/\\d{2} \\d{2}:\\d{2}:\\d{2}\\.\\d{3,} "
+  gsub(timestamp_re, "", messages)
+}
diff --git a/R/client-connectCloud.R b/R/client-connectCloud.R
index ecc98426..d821c249 100644
--- a/R/client-connectCloud.R
+++ b/R/client-connectCloud.R
@@ -1,85 +1,5 @@
 # Docs: https://posit-hosted.github.io/vivid-api
 
-# Resolves the browsable URL for `contentId`, based on the account it
-# actually belongs to (`accountId`) rather than the caller's own account --
-# necessary because content may belong to a different (e.g. team) account
-# than the one authenticating the request. `getAccounts` is a zero-arg
-# function returning the accounts the caller has a role on (shared by
-# `connectCloudClient()$getAccounts` and `migrateToConnectCloud()`).
-connectCloudContentUrl <- function(getAccounts, accountId, contentId) {
-  ownerAccount <- Find(
-    function(a) identical(a$id, accountId),
-    getAccounts()$data
-  )
-  if (is.null(ownerAccount)) {
-    cli::cli_abort(
-      c(
-        "Unable to determine the Connect Cloud account for content {.val {contentId}}.",
-        i = "You may not have access to the account this content belongs to."
-      )
-    )
-  }
-  paste0(connectCloudUrls()$ui, "/", ownerAccount$name, "/content/", contentId)
-}
-
-# Standalone (served) content URL -- the link handed to app consumers, and the
-# value returned in the `url` column of `applications()`. Consistent with the
-# served URL that shinyapps.io and Posit Connect report. The canonical scheme is
-# <content-id>.share.<connect-cloud-host> (e.g.
-# https://abc-123.share.connect.posit.cloud/). Derived from the UI base so it
-# tracks the active environment (production/staging/development).
-connectCloudStandaloneUrl <- function(contentId) {
-  host <- sub("^https?://", "", connectCloudUrls()$ui)
-  paste0("https://", contentId, ".share.", host, "/")
-}
-
-# Map rsconnect appMode to Connect Cloud contentType
-cloudContentTypeFromAppMode <- function(appMode) {
-  switch(
-    appMode,
-    "jupyter-notebook" = "jupyter",
-    "python-bokeh" = "bokeh",
-    "python-dash" = "dash",
-    "python-shiny" = "shiny",
-    "shiny" = "shiny",
-    "python-streamlit" = "streamlit",
-    "quarto" = "quarto",
-    "quarto-static" = "quarto",
-    "quarto-shiny" = "quarto",
-    "rmd-static" = "rmarkdown",
-    "rmd-shiny" = "rmarkdown",
-    "static" = "static",
-    stop(
-      "appMode '",
-      appMode,
-      "' is not supported by Connect Cloud",
-      call. = FALSE
-    )
-  )
-}
-
-cloudSecrets <- function(envVars) {
-  if (length(envVars) == 0L) {
-    return(I(list()))
-  }
-  values <- Sys.getenv(envVars, unset = NA)
-  keep <- !is.na(values)
-  if (!any(keep)) {
-    return(I(list()))
-  }
-
-  unname(Map(
-    function(name, value) {
-      list(
-        name = name,
-        value = value
-      )
-    },
-    envVars[keep],
-    values[keep]
-  ))
-}
-
 # Creates a client for interacting with the Connect Cloud API.
 connectCloudClient <- function(service, authInfo) {
   # Generic retry wrapper. If a request fails with 401 Unauthorized, it will
@@ -552,3 +472,155 @@ uploadBundle.connectCloudClient <- function(client, application, bundlePath) {
   # Connect Cloud has no bundle id, so the deploy template gets NULL here.
   NULL
 }
+
+#' @export
+serverDisplayName.connectCloudClient <- function(client) {
+  "Posit Connect Cloud"
+}
+
+#' @export
+supportsEnvVars.connectCloudClient <- function(client) {
+  TRUE
+}
+
+#' @export
+supportsEnvVarManagement.connectCloudClient <- function(client) {
+  FALSE
+}
+
+#' @export
+supportsNodejs.connectCloudClient <- function(client) {
+  FALSE
+}
+
+#' @export
+supportsUserManagement.connectCloudClient <- function(client) {
+  TRUE
+}
+
+#' @export
+usesPasswordFile.connectCloudClient <- function(client) {
+  FALSE
+}
+
+# Connect Cloud always sends the invitation email.
+#' @export
+supportsOptionalInviteEmail.connectCloudClient <- function(client) {
+  FALSE
+}
+
+# Connect Cloud can return a user record with a redacted email.
+#' @export
+redactsUserEmails.connectCloudClient <- function(client) {
+  TRUE
+}
+
+#' @export
+requiresUpload.connectCloudClient <- function(client) {
+  FALSE
+}
+
+#' @export
+pythonEnabledByDefault.connectCloudClient <- function(client) {
+  TRUE
+}
+
+#' @export
+supportsVisibility.connectCloudClient <- function(client) {
+  FALSE
+}
+
+#' @export
+supportsMetadataSync.connectCloudClient <- function(client) {
+  FALSE
+}
+
+#' @export
+staticRmdNeedsShiny.connectCloudClient <- function(client) {
+  FALSE
+}
+
+#' @export
+addsUtmParameters.connectCloudClient <- function(client) {
+  TRUE
+}
+
+# Resolves the browsable URL for `contentId`, based on the account it
+# actually belongs to (`accountId`) rather than the caller's own account --
+# necessary because content may belong to a different (e.g. team) account
+# than the one authenticating the request. `getAccounts` is a zero-arg
+# function returning the accounts the caller has a role on (shared by
+# `connectCloudClient()$getAccounts` and `migrateToConnectCloud()`).
+connectCloudContentUrl <- function(getAccounts, accountId, contentId) {
+  ownerAccount <- Find(
+    function(a) identical(a$id, accountId),
+    getAccounts()$data
+  )
+  if (is.null(ownerAccount)) {
+    cli::cli_abort(
+      c(
+        "Unable to determine the Connect Cloud account for content {.val {contentId}}.",
+        i = "You may not have access to the account this content belongs to."
+      )
+    )
+  }
+  paste0(connectCloudUrls()$ui, "/", ownerAccount$name, "/content/", contentId)
+}
+
+# Standalone (served) content URL -- the link handed to app consumers, and the
+# value returned in the `url` column of `applications()`. Consistent with the
+# served URL that shinyapps.io and Posit Connect report. The canonical scheme is
+# <content-id>.share.<connect-cloud-host> (e.g.
+# https://abc-123.share.connect.posit.cloud/). Derived from the UI base so it
+# tracks the active environment (production/staging/development).
+connectCloudStandaloneUrl <- function(contentId) {
+  host <- sub("^https?://", "", connectCloudUrls()$ui)
+  paste0("https://", contentId, ".share.", host, "/")
+}
+
+# Map rsconnect appMode to Connect Cloud contentType
+cloudContentTypeFromAppMode <- function(appMode) {
+  switch(
+    appMode,
+    "jupyter-notebook" = "jupyter",
+    "python-bokeh" = "bokeh",
+    "python-dash" = "dash",
+    "python-shiny" = "shiny",
+    "shiny" = "shiny",
+    "python-streamlit" = "streamlit",
+    "quarto" = "quarto",
+    "quarto-static" = "quarto",
+    "quarto-shiny" = "quarto",
+    "rmd-static" = "rmarkdown",
+    "rmd-shiny" = "rmarkdown",
+    "static" = "static",
+    stop(
+      "appMode '",
+      appMode,
+      "' is not supported by Connect Cloud",
+      call. = FALSE
+    )
+  )
+}
+
+cloudSecrets <- function(envVars) {
+  if (length(envVars) == 0L) {
+    return(I(list()))
+  }
+  values <- Sys.getenv(envVars, unset = NA)
+  keep <- !is.na(values)
+  if (!any(keep)) {
+    return(I(list()))
+  }
+
+  unname(Map(
+    function(name, value) {
+      list(
+        name = name,
+        value = value
+      )
+    },
+    envVars[keep],
+    values[keep]
+  ))
+}
diff --git a/R/client-generics.R b/R/client-generics.R
index 60576163..6b2738e9 100644
--- a/R/client-generics.R
+++ b/R/client-generics.R
@@ -22,3 +22,101 @@
 uploadBundle <- function(client, application, bundlePath) {
   UseMethod("uploadBundle")
 }
+
+#' Get the display name of the server a client talks to
+#'
+#' Use this name in messages to the user.
+#'
+#' @param client A client object.
+#' @return A string, for example `"Posit Connect"`.
+#' @noRd
+serverDisplayName <- function(client) {
+  UseMethod("serverDisplayName")
+}
+
+#' Can a deploy set environment variables?
+#' @noRd
+supportsEnvVars <- function(client) {
+  UseMethod("supportsEnvVars")
+}
+
+#' Can the account list and update environment variables on all its content?
+#'
+#' This is different from `supportsEnvVars()`. It needs the `getEnvVars` and
+#' `setEnvVars` API calls.
+#' @noRd
+supportsEnvVarManagement <- function(client) {
+  UseMethod("supportsEnvVarManagement")
+}
+
+#' Can the server run Node.js content?
+#'
+#' A `TRUE` result does not check the server version.
+#' @noRd
+supportsNodejs <- function(client) {
+  UseMethod("supportsNodejs")
+}
+
+#' Can the user add, remove, and list the users of an application?
+#' @noRd
+supportsUserManagement <- function(client) {
+  UseMethod("supportsUserManagement")
+}
+
+#' Can an application directory have a legacy scrypt password file?
+#' @noRd
+usesPasswordFile <- function(client) {
+  UseMethod("usesPasswordFile")
+}
+
+#' Can the caller choose not to send the invitation email?
+#' @noRd
+supportsOptionalInviteEmail <- function(client) {
+  UseMethod("supportsOptionalInviteEmail")
+}
+
+#' Can the server redact user emails in the list of users?
+#'
+#' A redacted email does not match the email that the caller gives.
+#' @noRd
+redactsUserEmails <- function(client) {
+  UseMethod("redactsUserEmails")
+}
+
+#' Must each deploy upload a bundle?
+#' @noRd
+requiresUpload <- function(client) {
+  UseMethod("requiresUpload")
+}
+
+#' Is Python detection on by default?
+#'
+#' The `rsconnect.python.enabled` option overrides this value.
+#' @noRd
+pythonEnabledByDefault <- function(client) {
+  UseMethod("pythonEnabledByDefault")
+}
+
+#' Can a deploy set the visibility of an application?
+#' @noRd
+supportsVisibility <- function(client) {
+  UseMethod("supportsVisibility")
+}
+
+#' Can `syncAppMetadata()` update deployment records from the server?
+#' @noRd
+supportsMetadataSync <- function(client) {
+  UseMethod("supportsMetadataSync")
+}
+
+#' Must static R Markdown be deployed as `"rmd-shiny"`?
+#' @noRd
+staticRmdNeedsShiny <- function(client) {
+  UseMethod("staticRmdNeedsShiny")
+}
+
+#' Must the content URL get UTM parameters before it opens in the browser?
+#' @noRd
+addsUtmParameters <- function(client) {
+  UseMethod("addsUtmParameters")
+}
diff --git a/R/client-shinyapps.R b/R/client-shinyapps.R
index 808c5e15..1a927491 100644
--- a/R/client-shinyapps.R
+++ b/R/client-shinyapps.R
@@ -396,6 +396,78 @@ uploadBundle.shinyAppsClient <- function(client, application, bundlePath) {
   client$getBundle(bundle$id)
 }
 
+#' @export
+serverDisplayName.shinyAppsClient <- function(client) {
+  "shinyapps.io"
+}
+
+#' @export
+supportsEnvVars.shinyAppsClient <- function(client) {
+  FALSE
+}
+
+#' @export
+supportsEnvVarManagement.shinyAppsClient <- function(client) {
+  FALSE
+}
+
+#' @export
+supportsNodejs.shinyAppsClient <- function(client) {
+  FALSE
+}
+
+#' @export
+supportsUserManagement.shinyAppsClient <- function(client) {
+  TRUE
+}
+
+#' @export
+usesPasswordFile.shinyAppsClient <- function(client) {
+  TRUE
+}
+
+#' @export
+supportsOptionalInviteEmail.shinyAppsClient <- function(client) {
+  TRUE
+}
+
+#' @export
+redactsUserEmails.shinyAppsClient <- function(client) {
+  FALSE
+}
+
+#' @export
+requiresUpload.shinyAppsClient <- function(client) {
+  FALSE
+}
+
+#' @export
+pythonEnabledByDefault.shinyAppsClient <- function(client) {
+  FALSE
+}
+
+#' @export
+supportsVisibility.shinyAppsClient <- function(client) {
+  TRUE
+}
+
+#' @export
+supportsMetadataSync.shinyAppsClient <- function(client) {
+  TRUE
+}
+
+# shinyapps.io serves all content from a Shiny process, so it cannot serve
+# `"rmd-static"` content.
+#' @export
+staticRmdNeedsShiny.shinyAppsClient <- function(client) {
+  TRUE
+}
+
+#' @export
+addsUtmParameters.shinyAppsClient <- function(client) {
+  FALSE
+}
+
 putPresignedBundle <- function(bundle, bundleSize, bundlePath) {
   presigned_service <- parseHttpUrl(bundle$presigned_url)
 
diff --git a/R/configureApp.R b/R/configureApp.R
index 8c30286c..b61e9766 100644
--- a/R/configureApp.R
+++ b/R/configureApp.R
@@ -61,20 +61,11 @@ configureApp <- function(
     propertyName <- i
     propertyValue <- properties[[i]]
 
-    # dispatch to the appropriate client implementation
-    if (is.function(client$setApplicationProperty)) {
-      client$setApplicationProperty(
-        application$id,
-        propertyName,
-        propertyValue
-      )
-    } else {
-      stop(
-        "Server ",
-        accountDetails$server,
-        " has no appropriate configuration method."
-      )
-    }
+    client$setApplicationProperty(
+      application$id,
+      propertyName,
+      propertyValue
+    )
   }
 
   # redeploy application if requested
diff --git a/R/deployApp.R b/R/deployApp.R
index a766991c..cc7dd9fa 100644
--- a/R/deployApp.R
+++ b/R/deployApp.R
@@ -487,27 +487,21 @@ deployApp <- function(
     )
   }
 
+  client <- clientForAccount(accountDetails)
+
   # Run checks prior to first saveDeployment() to avoid errors that will always
   # prevent a successful upload from generating a partial deployment
-  if (
-    isConnectServer(accountDetails$server) &&
-      identical(upload, FALSE)
-  ) {
-    # it is not possible to deploy to Connect without uploading
+  if (requiresUpload(client) && identical(upload, FALSE)) {
     stop(
-      "Posit Connect does not support deploying without uploading. ",
+      serverDisplayName(client),
+      " does not support deploying without uploading. ",
       "Specify upload=TRUE to upload and re-deploy your application."
     )
   }
 
-  client <- clientForAccount(accountDetails)
-
-  if (
-    !serverSupportsEnvVars(accountDetails$server, client) &&
-      length(envVars) > 0
-  ) {
+  if (!supportsEnvVars(client) && length(envVars) > 0) {
     cli::cli_abort(
-      "{accountDetails$server} does not support setting {.arg envVars}"
+      "{serverDisplayName(client)} does not support setting {.arg envVars}"
     )
   }
 
@@ -515,8 +509,6 @@ deployApp <- function(
     showCookies(serverInfo(accountDetails$server)$url)
   }
 
-  isShinyappsServer <- isShinyappsServer(accountDetails$server)
-
   logger("Inferring App mode and parameters")
   appMetadata <- appMetadata(
     appDir = appDir,
@@ -525,16 +517,15 @@ deployApp <- function(
     quarto = quarto,
     appMode = appMode,
     contentCategory = contentCategory,
-    isShinyappsServer = isShinyappsServer,
+    staticRmdNeedsShiny = staticRmdNeedsShiny(client),
     metadata = metadata
   )
 
   if (appMetadata$appMode == "nodejs") {
-    if (isShinyappsServer(accountDetails$server)) {
-      cli::cli_abort("Node.js content is not supported on shinyapps.io.")
-    }
-    if (isPositConnectCloudServer(accountDetails$server)) {
-      cli::cli_abort("Node.js content is not supported on Posit Connect Cloud.")
+    if (!supportsNodejs(client)) {
+      cli::cli_abort(
+        "Node.js content is not supported on {serverDisplayName(client)}."
+      )
     }
     checkConnectSupportsNodejs(client)
   }
@@ -657,9 +648,7 @@ deployApp <- function(
       taskComplete(quiet, "Content updated")
     }
   } else {
-    if (
-      needsVisibilityChange(accountDetails$server, application, appVisibility)
-    ) {
+    if (needsVisibilityChange(client, application, appVisibility)) {
       taskStart(quiet, "Setting visibility to {appVisibility}...")
       client$setApplicationProperty(
         application$id,
@@ -678,7 +667,7 @@ deployApp <- function(
   bundle <- NULL
 
   if (upload) {
-    python <- getPythonForTarget(python, accountDetails)
+    python <- getPythonForTarget(python, client)
     pythonConfig <- pythonConfigurator(python, forceGeneratePythonEnvironment)
 
     if (dependencyResolution == "library") {
@@ -787,7 +776,6 @@ deployApp <- function(
     openURL(
       client,
       application,
-      accountDetails$server,
       launch.browser,
       on.failure,
       deploymentSucceeded
@@ -840,15 +828,6 @@ connectVersionLt <- function(version, minimum) {
   )
 }
 
-serverSupportsEnvVars <- function(server, client) {
-  return(
-    # Connect Cloud supports setting environment variables, but not through a
-    # setEnvVars client method
-    isPositConnectCloudServer(server) ||
-      (isConnectServer(server) && "setEnvVars" %in% names(client))
-  )
-}
-
 taskStart <- function(quiet, message, .envir = caller_env()) {
   if (quiet) {
     return()
@@ -899,16 +878,8 @@ checkAppVisibility <- function(
 }
 
 # Need to set _before_ deploy
-needsVisibilityChange <- function(server, application, appVisibility = NULL) {
-  if (is.null(appVisibility)) {
-    return(FALSE)
-  }
-
-  if (isConnectServer(server)) {
-    # Defaults to private visibility
-    return(FALSE)
-  }
-  if (isPositConnectCloudServer(server)) {
+needsVisibilityChange <- function(client, application, appVisibility = NULL) {
+  if (is.null(appVisibility) || !supportsVisibility(client)) {
     return(FALSE)
   }
 
@@ -1086,14 +1057,13 @@ validURL <- function(url) {
 openURL <- function(
   client,
   application,
-  server,
   launch.browser,
   on.failure,
   deploymentSucceeded
 ) {
   # function to browse to a URL using user-supplied browser (config or final)
   showURL <- function(url) {
-    if (isPositConnectCloudServer(server)) {
+    if (addsUtmParameters(client)) {
       url <- addUtmParameters(url)
     }
     if (isTRUE(launch.browser)) {
diff --git a/R/envvars.R b/R/envvars.R
index 5dbee3d7..b251fef0 100644
--- a/R/envvars.R
+++ b/R/envvars.R
@@ -18,7 +18,8 @@
 #'   `envVars`. `envVars` is a list-column.
 listAccountEnvVars <- function(server = NULL, account = NULL) {
   accountDetails <- accountInfo(account, server)
-  checkServerHasEnvVars(accountDetails$server)
+  client <- clientForAccount(accountDetails)
+  checkServerHasEnvVars(client)
 
   apps <- applications(
     account = accountDetails$name,
@@ -26,7 +27,6 @@ listAccountEnvVars <- function(server = NULL, account = NULL) {
   )
   apps <- apps[c("id", "guid", "name")]
 
-  client <- clientForAccount(accountDetails)
   envVars <- lapply(apps$guid, client$getEnvVars)
   apps$envVars <- envVars
   apps
@@ -43,7 +43,8 @@ updateAccountEnvVars <- function(envVars, server = NULL, account = NULL) {
   check_character(envVars)
 
   accountDetails <- accountInfo(account, server)
-  checkServerHasEnvVars(accountDetails$server)
+  client <- clientForAccount(accountDetails)
+  checkServerHasEnvVars(client)
 
   apps <- listAccountEnvVars(
     account = accountDetails$name,
@@ -59,7 +60,6 @@ updateAccountEnvVars <- function(envVars, server = NULL, account = NULL) {
   guids <- apps$guid[uses_vars]
   cli::cli_progress_bar("Updating application...", total = length(guids))
 
-  client <- clientForAccount(accountDetails)
   for (guid in guids) {
     client$setEnvVars(guid, envVars)
     cli::cli_progress_update()
@@ -68,12 +68,13 @@ updateAccountEnvVars <- function(envVars, server = NULL, account = NULL) {
 
 # Helpers -----------------------------------------------------------------
 
-checkServerHasEnvVars <- function(server, error_call = caller_env()) {
-  if (isConnectServer(server)) {
+checkServerHasEnvVars <- function(client, error_call = caller_env()) {
+  if (supportsEnvVarManagement(client)) {
     return()
   }
 
   cli::cli_abort(
-    "The {.arg server} {.str {server}} does not support environment variables"
+    "{serverDisplayName(client)} does not support environment variables",
+    call = error_call
   )
 }
diff --git a/tests/testthat/test-appMetadata.R b/tests/testthat/test-appMetadata.R
index 5e59e1de..b301ad47 100644
--- a/tests/testthat/test-appMetadata.R
+++ b/tests/testthat/test-appMetadata.R
@@ -351,7 +351,7 @@ test_that("can infer mode for rmd as shiny quarto with guidance", {
   dir <- local_temp_app(list("foo.Rmd" = ""))
   paths <- list.files(dir)
   expect_equal(
-    inferAppMode(dir, paths, isShinyappsServer = TRUE),
+    inferAppMode(dir, paths, staticRmdNeedsShiny = TRUE),
     list(appMode = "rmd-shiny", primaryFile = "foo.Rmd")
   )
 })
diff --git a/tests/testthat/test-applications.R b/tests/testthat/test-applications.R
index b2db1f68..471a9ae1 100644
--- a/tests/testthat/test-applications.R
+++ b/tests/testthat/test-applications.R
@@ -37,6 +37,29 @@ test_that("syncAppMetadata deletes deployment records if needed", {
   expect_equal(nrow(deployments(app)), 0)
 })
 
+test_that("syncAppMetadata skips Connect Cloud deployment records", {
+  local_temp_config()
+  addTestAccount("myaccount", server = "connect.posit.cloud")
+
+  app <- local_temp_app()
+  addTestDeployment(
+    app,
+    appId = "123",
+    account = "myaccount",
+    server = "connect.posit.cloud",
+    metadata = list(when = 123)
+  )
+  local_mocked_bindings(clientForAccount = function(...) {
+    fake_client(
+      "connectCloudClient",
+      getApplication = function(...) stop("getApplication should not be called")
+    )
+  })
+
+  syncAppMetadata(app)
+  expect_equal(deployments(app)$when, "123")
+})
+
 test_that("applications() builds config_url for standard Connect accounts", {
   local_temp_config()
   addTestServer(url = "https://connect.example.com")
diff --git a/tests/testthat/test-auth.R b/tests/testthat/test-auth.R
index 2b83d77e..9d7f0d4d 100644
--- a/tests/testthat/test-auth.R
+++ b/tests/testthat/test-auth.R
@@ -403,7 +403,7 @@ test_that("showUsers errors on a non-shinyapps, non-PCC server", {
       account = "myaccount",
       server = "connect.example.com"
     ),
-    regexp = "shinyapps\\.io"
+    regexp = "rsconnect can't manage application users on Posit Connect"
   )
 })
 
@@ -1056,6 +1056,9 @@ test_that("cleanupPasswordFile is NOT called on PCC accounts", {
 
 test_that("addAuthorizedUser() aborts targeting a Posit Connect server", {
   local_mocked_account_info()
+  local_mocked_bindings(
+    clientForAccount = function(...) fake_client("connectClient")
+  )
   appDir <- local_temp_app()
 
   expect_error(
@@ -1066,12 +1069,15 @@ test_that("addAuthorizedUser() aborts targeting a Posit Connect server", {
       account = "connect-user",
       server = "connect-server"
     ),
-    regexp = "`server` must be shinyapps\\.io"
+    regexp = "rsconnect can't manage application users on Posit Connect"
   )
 })
 
 test_that("removeAuthorizedUser() aborts targeting a Posit Connect server", {
   local_mocked_account_info()
+  local_mocked_bindings(
+    clientForAccount = function(...) fake_client("connectClient")
+  )
   appDir <- local_temp_app()
 
   expect_error(
@@ -1082,12 +1088,15 @@ test_that("removeAuthorizedUser() aborts targeting a Posit Connect server", {
       account = "connect-user",
       server = "connect-server"
     ),
-    regexp = "`server` must be shinyapps\\.io"
+    regexp = "rsconnect can't manage application users on Posit Connect"
   )
 })
 
 test_that("showInvited() aborts targeting a Posit Connect server", {
   local_mocked_account_info()
+  local_mocked_bindings(
+    clientForAccount = function(...) fake_client("connectClient")
+  )
   appDir <- local_temp_app()
 
   expect_error(
@@ -1097,12 +1106,15 @@ test_that("showInvited() aborts targeting a Posit Connect server", {
       account = "connect-user",
       server = "connect-server"
     ),
-    regexp = "`server` must be shinyapps\\.io"
+    regexp = "rsconnect can't manage application users on Posit Connect"
   )
 })
 
 test_that("resendInvitation() aborts targeting a Posit Connect server", {
   local_mocked_account_info()
+  local_mocked_bindings(
+    clientForAccount = function(...) fake_client("connectClient")
+  )
   appDir <- local_temp_app()
 
   expect_error(
@@ -1113,6 +1125,24 @@ test_that("resendInvitation() aborts targeting a Posit Connect server", {
       account = "connect-user",
       server = "connect-server"
     ),
-    regexp = "`server` must be shinyapps\\.io"
+    regexp = "rsconnect can't manage application users on Posit Connect"
+  )
+})
+
+test_that("showUsers() aborts targeting a Posit Connect server", {
+  local_mocked_account_info()
+  local_mocked_bindings(
+    clientForAccount = function(...) fake_client("connectClient")
+  )
+  appDir <- local_temp_app()
+
+  expect_error(
+    showUsers(
+      appDir = appDir,
+      appName = "myapp",
+      account = "connect-user",
+      server = "connect-server"
+    ),
+    regexp = "rsconnect can't manage application users on Posit Connect"
   )
 })
diff --git a/tests/testthat/test-bundlePython.R b/tests/testthat/test-bundlePython.R
index 38bece25..6251ed18 100644
--- a/tests/testthat/test-bundlePython.R
+++ b/tests/testthat/test-bundlePython.R
@@ -24,16 +24,16 @@ test_that("getPython looks in argument, RETICULATE_PYTHON, then RETICULATE_PYTHO
 test_that("rsconnect.python.enabled overrides getPythonForTarget() default", {
   skip_on_cran()
 
-  expect_equal(getPythonForTarget("p", list(server = "shinyapps.io")), NULL)
-  expect_equal(getPythonForTarget("p", list(server = "example.com")), "p")
+  expect_equal(getPythonForTarget("p", fake_client("shinyAppsClient")), NULL)
+  expect_equal(getPythonForTarget("p", fake_client("connectClient")), "p")
 
   withr::local_options(rsconnect.python.enabled = FALSE)
-  expect_equal(getPythonForTarget("p", list(server = "shinyapps.io")), NULL)
-  expect_equal(getPythonForTarget("p", list(server = "example.com")), NULL)
+  expect_equal(getPythonForTarget("p", fake_client("shinyAppsClient")), NULL)
+  expect_equal(getPythonForTarget("p", fake_client("connectClient")), NULL)
 
   withr::local_options(rsconnect.python.enabled = TRUE)
-  expect_equal(getPythonForTarget("p", list(server = "shinyapps.io")), "p")
-  expect_equal(getPythonForTarget("p", list(server = "example.com")), "p")
+  expect_equal(getPythonForTarget("p", fake_client("shinyAppsClient")), "p")
+  expect_equal(getPythonForTarget("p", fake_client("connectClient")), "p")
 })
 
 test_that("can infer env from existing directory", {
diff --git a/tests/testthat/test-deployApp.R b/tests/testthat/test-deployApp.R
index 49a2a26f..4f5ab9e6 100644
--- a/tests/testthat/test-deployApp.R
+++ b/tests/testthat/test-deployApp.R
@@ -44,16 +44,24 @@ test_that("needsVisibilityChange() returns FALSE when no change needed", {
     )
   }
 
-  expect_false(needsVisibilityChange("connect.com"))
-  expect_false(needsVisibilityChange("shinyapps.io", dummyApp("public"), NULL))
+  expect_false(needsVisibilityChange(fake_client("connectClient")))
   expect_false(needsVisibilityChange(
-    "shinyapps.io",
+    fake_client("shinyAppsClient"),
+    dummyApp("public"),
+    NULL
+  ))
+  expect_false(needsVisibilityChange(
+    fake_client("shinyAppsClient"),
     dummyApp("public"),
     "public"
   ))
-  expect_true(needsVisibilityChange("shinyapps.io", dummyApp(NULL), "private"))
   expect_true(needsVisibilityChange(
-    "shinyapps.io",
+    fake_client("shinyAppsClient"),
+    dummyApp(NULL),
+    "private"
+  ))
+  expect_true(needsVisibilityChange(
+    fake_client("shinyAppsClient"),
     dummyApp("public"),
     "private"
   ))
@@ -308,9 +316,8 @@ test_that("openURL() does not launch the browser on success with no valid url",
   # can't resolve the content's owning account.
   launched <- FALSE
   openURL(
-    client = NULL,
+    client = fake_client("connectCloudClient"),
     application = list(url = "", dashboard_url = NULL),
-    server = "connect.posit.cloud",
     launch.browser = function(url) launched <<- TRUE,
     on.failure = function(url) {
       stop("on.failure should not be called on success")
@@ -323,12 +330,11 @@ test_that("openURL() does not launch the browser on success with no valid url",
 test_that("openURL() launches the browser on success with a valid url", {
   launched <- FALSE
   openURL(
-    client = NULL,
+    client = fake_client("connectCloudClient"),
     application = list(
       url = "https://connect.posit.cloud/acct/content/abc123",
       dashboard_url = NULL
     ),
-    server = "connect.posit.cloud",
     launch.browser = function(url) launched <<- TRUE,
     on.failure = function(url) {
       stop("on.failure should not be called on success")
@@ -338,6 +344,33 @@ test_that("openURL() launches the browser on success with a valid url", {
   expect_true(launched)
 })
 
+test_that("openURL() adds UTM parameters only for Connect Cloud", {
+  withr::local_envvar(RSTUDIO = "")
+  application <- list(url = "https://example.com/app/", dashboard_url = NULL)
+
+  expect_message(
+    openURL(
+      client = fake_client("connectCloudClient"),
+      application = application,
+      launch.browser = function(url) message(url),
+      on.failure = NULL,
+      deploymentSucceeded = TRUE
+    ),
+    "https://example.com/app/?utm_source=rsconnect",
+    fixed = TRUE
+  )
+  expect_message(
+    openURL(
+      client = fake_client("shinyAppsClient"),
+      application = application,
+      launch.browser = function(url) message(url),
+      on.failure = NULL,
+      deploymentSucceeded = TRUE
+    ),
+    "^https://example.com/app/\n$"
+  )
+})
+
 test_that("checkAppVisibility() accepts values the server supports", {
   expect_no_error(checkAppVisibility(NULL, "shinyapps.io"))
   expect_no_error(checkAppVisibility("private", "shinyapps.io"))
@@ -1068,7 +1101,8 @@ test_that("deployApp(upload = FALSE) aborts on Posit Connect", {
         accountDetails = list(name = "connect-user", server = "connect-server"),
         deployment = list(name = "myapp", appId = "42")
       )
-    }
+    },
+    clientForAccount = function(...) fake_client("connectClient")
   )
 
   expect_error(
diff --git a/tests/testthat/test-envvars.R b/tests/testthat/test-envvars.R
index 12918aae..72ce4347 100644
--- a/tests/testthat/test-envvars.R
+++ b/tests/testthat/test-envvars.R
@@ -31,3 +31,13 @@ test_that("updateAccountEnvVars() aborts for shinyapps.io and Connect Cloud acco
     regexp = "does not support environment variables"
   )
 })
+
+test_that("env var errors name the server and the calling function", {
+  local_mocked_account_info()
+
+  err <- expect_error(
+    listAccountEnvVars(account = "cloud-user", server = "connect.posit.cloud"),
+    regexp = "Posit Connect Cloud does not support environment variables"
+  )
+  expect_equal(rlang::call_name(err$call), "listAccountEnvVars")
+})