Update bundled PHP extensions

[csandanov]

The PHP images bundle several extensions that now have newer stable releases, including MongoDB fixes for recently disclosed vulnerabilities. This updates those extensions while preserving the PHP 8.2 compatibility constraint for Microsoft's SQL Server drivers.

Changes

• update Brotli from 0.19.0 to 0.21.0
• update gRPC from 1.83.0 to 1.83.1
• update MongoDB from 2.3.3 to 2.5.2
• update Protobuf from 5.35.1 to 5.36.1
• update sqlsrv and pdo_sqlsrv from 5.13.1 to 5.13.3 for PHP 8.3, 8.4, and 8.5
• keep PHP 8.2 on the compatible SQL Server driver 5.12.0 line
• leave smbclient at 1.1.2
• synchronize the README extension table with the versions built into the images

Validation

• git diff --check
• verified each selected release against its authoritative upstream release metadata and PHP compatibility requirements
• the pull request workflow will build and test runtime, development, and macOS-development variants for PHP 8.2–8.5 on amd64 and arm64